3G has been shut down in several countries to free up frequencies. 2G was also shut down in several countries, it seems to be still up in most european countries with shut downs being scheduled in the next few years up to 2030.

2G is hard to shut down, because it just works, and many of the core services and old phones rely on it. It will survive 5G, 6G, 7G an other Gs.

Australia (2018), New Zealand (2018), US (2017), Iceland (2025), Switzerland have shut down 2G networks.

In Norway, Telia shut down 2G in 2025, but Telenor is holding out until the end of 2027.

In Sweden, Telia is holding until 2027, and all other telcos have already switched it off.

France is shutting down 2G this year.

So the 2G shutdown is a real thing.

At least in NZ around when they closed 2G the govt created a group of some kind which went around and put up a bunch of 4G towers in more remote areas, the key thing was the towers went owned on xyz company, so everyone who visits the area regardless of the telco they use get the same great signal. *having said that, it's still sad 2G was closed, it had truly impressive coverage, with few cell towered required.

Is how it should be country wide in my opinion. Way too many towers up everywhere just so xyz company can get coverage there. Leaving no 1 company to have the "best" coverage.

2G is being shutdown (or already has) in many countries and those old phones and core services will need to be replaced.

4G is becoming the "baseline" and replacing 2G in many of those services, especially the "low energy" IoT implementations of LTE.

We don't have it in the US, I remember being annoyed that there were no more cheap cellular modules for microcontrollers for a while.

2G also needs a tiny amount of spectrum in contrast to the newer standards, as it was designed almost exclusively for voice calls, where a few Kbps is sufficient for good quality speech. (And 64kbps, which is only 8KB/s, is considered "toll quality".)

For those who don't believe me, look up the standards yourself.

Even weirder that it doesn't show the lungs or they belong to some other group than the rest of the respiratory system.

I know about quite a few in Hamburg, Germany. Most level crossings are in the relatively low speed cargo rail system in the port, most of these only have traffic lights, but some don't even have that so you have to check if a train is coming and there were a few deadly collisions in the last few years. There aren't that many level crossings in the regular rail system in the city, but even there last year a deadly collision with a lorry happened.

German here, this is the right definition, trying to improve something but ending up making it worse.

You wouldn't expect ... = 42 to work syntactically.

If it's a custom industrial installation then the source code is part of the documentation just like the electrical schematics, specifically so that any trained electrician can maintain it. On the other hand Joe from shipping wouldn't even know what a PLC is and if you let untrained staff maintain electrical systems I think you have some more serious problems.

> On the other hand Joe from shipping wouldn't even know what a PLC is

Joe from shipping is undefined. It is possible that Joe knows more about PLCs than you think you know about shipping, and that he has a god complex worse than that of a grizzled Haskell programmer. People all over have jobs that don't align with their interests, education, and prior work experiences. That's pretty normal; the bills still need paid and people find work where they can.

> if you let untrained staff maintain electrical systems I think you have some more serious problems.

Or maybe Joe from shipping is a departmental director who has this role because he is a strong leader who takes the initiative to embrace and overcome new challenges. We don't know.

And it's not immediately obvious how to close a pop-up again.

You skipped GWh.

12B kWh = 12M MWh = 12k GWh = 12 TWh.

EU chip industry: best I can do is power electronics.

EU Chip industry : ASML, 2nd to only nvidia, 0.5T mkt cap

They sell the shovels, we need someone actually digging for gold.

Shovels have always been the better out of the two investments.

There were rumours about China grabbing hold of one of ASML's machines, but with no additional information on this it's safe to assume they're still hammering out 7nm chips using DUV at piss poor yields.

I see no reason to think that CXMT’s yields are poor. Or, for that matter, that Huawei’s yields are a problem.

Except in China’s case where they eventually figured out how to make shovels themselves in plenty of other industries (and likely at some point in the future chip fabrication as well)

STMicroelectronics cries in a corner.